Effects of two oral electrolyte solutions in healthy newborn lambs.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two oral electrolyte solutions (OES), commercialized for the hydration of calves, on the water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of newborn lambs. Twenty healthy crossbred Santa Inês lambs, 10 days old, 4-5 kg of body weight (BW), and fed on mother's milk, were included. The OES tested were slightly hyposmolar (OES 1: 279 mOsm/L; and OES 2: 283 mOsm/L) and had an alkalizing potential with an effective strong ion difference (SID3) of 76 mmol/L (OES 1) and 58 mmol/L (OES 2). In a crossover design, all lambs received the two OES, one at a time, with an interval of 7 days. On the day of treatment, the lambs received a volume corresponding to 5% of BW administered by esophageal tube at 0 and 6 h. Physical examinations were performed and venous blood samples were taken at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Packed cell volume, total plasma protein, pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate ion, base excess, sodium (Na+), potassium, chloride (Cl-), SID3, L-lactate, glucose, anion gap, total concentration of non-volatile weak acids, and percentage change in plasma volume were measured. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. OES caused iatrogenic imbalances characterized by expansion of plasma volume, change in the Na+ and Cl- ratio with increase in plasma SID3, and strong ion metabolic alkalosis. These imbalances were mostly reversed 24 h after the start of treatment and did not differ (P > 0.05) between the two tested OES. The absence of side effects indicates that the tested commercial OES are safe for use in newborn lambs. Further studies are needed to prove the therapeutic efficacy of these OES in dehydrated sick lambs with metabolic acidosis.

Immunohistochemical identification of a malignant catarrhal fever virus in cattle with renal diseases from Paraná state, Southern Brazil: a retrospective epidemiological study.

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a viral infectious disease caused by specific members of the Macavirus genus that are referred to as the MCF virus (MCFV) complex group. This study determined the prevalence of MCFV-associated infections in cattle within the mesoregions of the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil, by analyzing the histopathologic patterns of renal lesions in association with positive immunoreactivity to intralesional antigens of MCFV. Intracytoplasmic MCFV antigens were identified in 41.7% (48/115) of the kidneys of cattle evaluated. Lymphocytic interstitial nephritis, vascular degeneration, and ballooning degeneration of the renal tubules were the principal histopathological findings associated with positive immunoreactivity to MCFV. The results indicate that MCFV infections are endemic within the state of Paraná and suggest that the kidney can be of diagnostic value in suspected cases of MCF-associated infections in cattle. Furthermore, the utilization of an in situ diagnostic technique resulted in the detection of a greater number of cases of infections by MCFV than previously identified using other diagnostic methods. Additionally, degenerative vascular lesions of the kidney should be considered during the establishment of a histological diagnosis of MCFV-induced infections in cattle in the absence of fibrinoid change or necrotizing vasculitis.

Effect of Parity, Body Condition Score at Calving, and Milk Yield on the Metabolic Profile of Gyr Cows in the Transition Period.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of parity, body condition score (BCS) at calving, and milk yield on the metabolic profile of Gyr (Zebu) cows. Healthy cows in late pregnancy were grouped according to parity (primiparous, biparous, and multiparous); to BCS scale at calving (high-HBCS and normal-NBCS); and to milk yield (high-HP and moderate-MP production). BCS was assessed, and blood samples were collected on -21, -7, 0, 7, 21, and 42 days relative to parturition. The concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cholesterol, glucose, total protein (TP), albumin, total calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg); and activities of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were measured. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The frequencies of high lipomobilization, subclinical ketosis, subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH), and the occurrence of diseases during early lactation were established. Regardless of grouping, NEFA, BHB, and cholesterol increased during early lactation; glucose showed higher values at calving; TP and albumin were higher at 21 and 42 DIM; and Ca, P, and Mg were lower at calving. Parity had little effect on the metabolic profile, HBCS did not differ from NBCS cows, and HP did not differ from MP cows in most metabolites. High lipomobilization in early lactation and SCH at calving were the most common imbalances but were not related to postpartum diseases. High-yielding Gyr cows have a balanced metabolic profile during the transition period, with few biologically relevant effects of parity, BCS at parturition, or milk yielded.

Enteral hydration in cows: Comparison between continuous flow and bolus administration.

BACKGROUND: Enteral hydration in cattle is most commonly performed as a bolus (B) via the ororuminal route, although continuous flow (CF) administration via the nasoesophageal route represents a viable alternative. Currently, no study has compared the effectiveness of these two methods. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of enteral hydration using CF and B to correct water, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances in cows. METHODS: Protocols for the induction of dehydration were applied twice to eight healthy cows, with an interval of 1 week. In a crossover design, two types of enteral hydration were performed using the same electrolyte solution and volume equal to 12% of bodyweight (BW): CF (10 mL/kg/h, between 0 and 12 hours) and B (6% BW, twice, at 0 and 6 hours). Clinical and blood variables were determined at -24, 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours and compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Induced moderate dehydration and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis were corrected after 12 hours using the two hydration methods, with no differences observed between the methods. LIMITATIONS: The study was conducted with induced rather than natural imbalances, so the findings should be interpreted cautiously. CONCLUSION: Enteral CF hydration is as effective as B hydration in reversing dehydration and correcting electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.

Presence of antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Brazilian high-producing dairy herds.

This study aimed to determine the presence of antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in high-producing dairy cows, the presence of the pathogen in the feces, and the risk factors associated with the disease. Blood and fecal samples were collected from 708 dairy cows over 2 years from 54 herds located in five municipalities of Paraná, Brazil. The serum samples were evaluated for the presence of antibodies against MAP using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fecal samples from 100 cows (69 seropositive and 31 seronegative) were assessed using real-time PCR (qPCR) for IS900 of MAP. The herd prevalence of antibodies against MAP was 61.1% (33/54; 95% CI 46.88-74.08), ranging from 12.5 to 80% across the municipalities, and the prevalence in the animals was 9.8% (69/708; 95% CI 7.77-12.15); it ranged from 0 to 87.5% per herd. Only one of the 69 (1.45%) fecal samples from the seropositive cows was positive for the qPCR. The factors associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis in herds were the use of compost barn system and the type of bed, whereas only the type of bed was associated with the infection of cows. The only risk factor (OR = 2.45; 95% CI 1.03-5.85) associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis was the introduction of animals purchased from other dairy farms. The prevalence of active infection was low; however, our results demonstrate the presence of MAP in high-producing dairy herds in Paraná state, Brazil.

Effect of Lactate Minimum Speed-Guided Conditioning on Selected Blood Parameters of Horses.

During exercise, equines can suffer severe water and electrolyte imbalances depending on the intensity and duration. In this sense, conditioning aims to promote adaptations to the organism in order to maintain cardiovascular and thermoregulatory stability during exertion. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of conditioning guided by lactate minimum speed (LMS) test on the blood osmolality of horses. We hypothesized that after conditioning the blood osmolality would vary less during exercise and that LMS could be used in equine conditioning program. Ten Arabian horses were evaluated before (ET 1) and after (ET 2) 6 weeks of conditioning. The conditioning intensity was established from the LMS during ET 1. The blood was obtained at rest and during the ETs. An increase in LMS and a decrease in lactate were seen in individual horses; however, these differences were not significant at a group level. No change in blood osmolality was observed when comparing the ETs. The plasma volume remained unchanged in ET 2. The conditioning guided by LMS improved the animals' fitness, which was evidenced by the lower lactate production in ET 2. The fact that the osmolality kept unchanged proves the effectiveness of the osmotic blood balance during exercise, as its control involves the interaction of different systems. Body adaptations occurred with conditioning, providing greater homeostasis control since the plasma volume remained stable in ET 2. It was concluded that the LMS test can be used to define an effective equine conditioning program even though some adjustments are still necessary.

Infectious Disease Agents Associated with Pulmonary Alterations in Aborted Bovine Fetuses.

This study investigated the occurrence of selected pathogens of bovine respiratory disease in fetal pulmonary tissue of cattle and associated these with patterns of disease. Fetal pulmonary (n = 37) tissues were evaluated by histopathology; immunohistochemical assays identified intralesional antigens of bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and Mycoplasma bovis. Molecular assays were performed to amplify reproductive disease pathogens and bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 (BoGHV6) from 12 lungs. The 2 patterns of pulmonary diseases were interstitial pneumonia (12/37) and suppurative bronchopneumonia (1/37). The frequency of the intralesional antigens identified was BRSV (16.2%; 6/37), BVDV (13.5%; 5/37), BoAHV1 (8.1%; 3/37), M. bovis (5.4%; 2/37), and BPIV-3 (2.7%; 1/37). Interstitial pneumonia was associated with BRSV (n = 3), BoAHV1 (n = 3), and BVDV (n = 2); suppurative bronchopneumonia contained a Gram-positive bacterium and BVDV and BRSV. Reproductive pathogens detected included Leptospira spp., (n = 3), BVDV, Neospora caninum, and Brucella abortus (n = 2). BoGHV6 DNA was identified in the lungs of two fetuses with interstitial pneumonia. These findings suggest that these fetuses were infected transplacentally by several pathogens. The role of some of these pathogens herein identified must be further elucidated in the possible participation of fetal disease.

Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 infections in cattle without typical manifestations of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever and concomitantly infected with bovine coronavirus.

Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) is a severe, frequently fatal, lymphoproliferative disease that affects a wide variety of ruminants and is caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), a member of the MCF virus (MCFV) complex. The typical clinical manifestations of SA-MCF are well known and easily recognized by veterinarians, resulting in clinical diagnosis of MCF when characteristic clinical signs are present. This article describes the findings observed in cattle infected with OvHV-2 but without typical clinical manifestations of SA-MCF. Three calves with episodes of diarrhea before death and a yearling that died suddenly were investigated. Gross alterations were not suggestive of SA-MCF. Histopathology revealed a combination of proliferating vascular lesions (PVLs) and necrotizing vasculitis in three animals (two calves and the yearling); with PVLs being identified only at the carotid rete mirabile of two calves infected with OvHV-2. Additional significant histopathologic lesions included atrophic enteritis, portal lymphocytic hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia, suppurative bacterial bronchopneumonia, and pulmonary hemorrhage. An immunohistochemical assay designed to identify only antigens of MCFV revealed, positive, intralesional, intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity within epithelial cells of multiple tissues of all animals with PVLs. PCR assays amplified OvHV-2 DNA from multiple tissues of the animals that contained MCFV proteins, confirming the MCFV identified as OvHV-2. Additionally, bovine coronavirus (BCoV) nucleic acids were amplified from tissues of all animals, including the animal not infected by OvHV-2. Collectively, these findings confirmed the participation of OvHV-2 in the development of the disease patterns observed in these animals that were concomitantly infected by BCoV and provide additional confirmation that cattle can be subclinically infected with OvHV-2. Consequently, the real occurrence of OvHV-2-related disease may be more elevated than reported, since asymptomatic or subclinically infected animals are not likely to be investigated for OvHV-2. Furthermore, PVLs should be included as possible histologic indicators of OvHV-2-related diseases in ruminants.

The Participation of a Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus and Mycoplasma bovis in the Development of Single and Mixed Infections in Beef and Dairy Cattle With Bovine Respiratory Disease.

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multietiological and multifactorial disease associated with a wide range of viral and bacterial pathogens. This study evaluated the contribution of specific infectious disease agents in the development of BRD in cattle from Brazil and determined if a virus within the malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) group and Mycoplasma bovis, acting individually or in conjunction, can be associated with the development of BRD. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pulmonary sections were used in immunohistochemical assays to determine the intralesional presence of six antigens associated with BRD: bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), MCFV, and M. bovis. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 82.7% (120/145) of all cattle evaluated. Interstitial pneumonia (60%, 72/120) and suppurative bronchopneumonia (25.8%, 31/120) were the most frequent patterns of pneumonia identified. Intralesional antigens of MCFV (53.3%, 64/120) were the most frequently associated with BRD, followed by M. bovis (47.5%, 57/120), BVDV (42.5%, 51/120), BoHV-1 (28.3%, 34/120), BRSV (24.2%, 29/120), and BPIV-3 (8.3%, 10/120). Additionally, antigens of BVDV, MCFV, and M. bovis were the most frequently identified agents associated with singular and concomitant infections. The MCFV identified during this study is more likely to be ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), since OvHV-2 is the only MCFV identified within the geographical region of this study. Interstitial pneumonia with proliferative vascular lesions may be a useful histologic feature to differentiate MCFV-induced pneumonia from other viral pneumonias of cattle. These results demonstrate that MCFV and M. bovis, in single or mixed infections, can produce pneumonia in cattle and should therefore be considered as primary agents in the development of BRD.

Iatrogenic alkalosis in goats with the use of intravenous electrolyte solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate / Alcalose iatrogênica em cabras após infusão intravenosa de solução eletrolítica contendo 84mEq/L de lactato

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the alkalinizing potential of an intravenous polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate on hydroelectrolyte and acid-base balances in healthy goats.Four solutions, containing 28 and 84 mEq/L of lactate (L28 and L84) or bicarbonate (B28 and B84), were formulated. Six healthy Saanen goats were used. All four solutions were infused intravenously in each animal, one at a time, with an interval of 4-5 days between the infusions, at a speed of 33.3 mL/kg/h and totaling a volume equivalent to 10% of their body weight, in 3 h of continuous administration. Samples of venous blood and urine were collected at 0h (start of the infusion), 1.5h (middle of the infusion), 3h (end of the infusion), and 4.5h, 6h, and 24 h from the start of the infusion. The laboratory tests includeddetermination of blood pH, pCO2,HCO3 -, base excess (BE), Na+, K+, Cl-, total plasmatic protein, L-lactate, and creatinine. In urine samples, pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, L-lactate, and creatinine were measured. The L28 solution, equivalent to lactated Ringer's solution, caused a slight increase in the alkaline reserve and did not change the electrolyte balance. The L84 solution resulted in a greater increase in the alkaline reserve, equivalent to the B84 solution, with return to baseline values within 24 h from the start of the infusion.The L84 solution proved to be safe and produced iatrogenic alkalization when infused into healthy goats, without causing side effects.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial alcalinizante de uma solução poli-iônica intravenosa contendo 84mEq/L de lactato no equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e ácido base de cabras saudáveis. Quatro soluções contendo 28 e 84 mEq/L de lactato (L28 e L84) ou bicarbonato (B28 e B84) foram formuladas. Seis cabras, adultas, da raça Saanen, saudáveis receberam as quatro soluções por via intravenosa, uma de cada vez, com intervalo de quatro a cinco dias entre as infusões, a velocidade de 33,3 ml/kg/h, totalizando um volume equivalente a 10% do seu peso corporal, em três horas de administração contínua. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso e urina antes do início da infusão (0h), na metade (1,5h), no fim (3h) e às 4,5h, 6h e 24h após o início da infusão. Os exames laboratoriais consistiram na determinação do pH sanguíneo, pCO2, HCO3 -, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, proteína plasmática total, lactato L e creatinina. Nas amostras de urina foram medidos o pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, lactato L e creatinina. A solução L28, equivalente à solução de Ringer com lactato, causou um aumento leve na reserva alcalina e não alterou o equilíbrio eletrolítico. A solução L84 resultou em maior aumento da reserva alcalina, equivalente à solução B84, com retorno dos parâmetros avaliados aos valores basais em até 24 horas após o início da infusão. A solução L84 provou-se segura e produziu alcalose iatrogência em cabras sadias, sem causar qualquer efeito colateral.

Effects of postpartum treatment with oral calcium formate on serum calcium, serum metabolites, and the occurrence of diseases at the beginning of lactation of high-producing dairy cows.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral administration of calcium (Ca) formate in the postpartum of high-producing dairy cows on calcemia, on other blood biochemical markers, and on the occurrence of diseases at the beginning of lactation. One hundred and twenty healthy Holstein cows, distributed according to the lactation order (first, second, third and fourth to sixth), were treated or not with oral Ca formate (two doses: one after calving and one 24 h later; equivalent to 50 g of Ca per dose), comprising 8 groups (n = 15). The following variables were measured in the blood serum of samples collected after calving (0 h) and after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h: total Ca, phosphate (P), magnesium (Mg), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Blood BHB was also measured at 7, 14, and 21 DIM. For the assessment of disease occurrence, cows were distributed in treated (n = 60) and untreated (n = 60) groups and in hypocalcemic (n = 71) and normocalcemic (n = 49) groups. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and a chi-square test were used for comparisons. The lactation order did not influence the studied blood constituents, except for primiparous cows which had the highest calcemia. Serum Ca was lower up to 24 h and increased after 48 h and subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) ([Ca] < 2.125 mmol/L) was more frequent in cows with a higher number of lactations. Treatment with Ca formate had no effect on the variation of serum Ca and the other studied variables in the first days of lactation. Treated and untreated cows did not differ in terms of milk yield at 21 DIM, the presentation of diseases at the beginning of lactation, the rate of discard or death up to 60 DIM and the frequency of SCH (60 % and 58 %, respectively). Hypocalcemic cows became more ill (64.8 % vs. 42.9 %; P = 0.028) and had a higher frequency of retained placenta (43 % vs. 20.7 %; P < 0.001). Oral administration of Ca formate after calving and 24 h later is not justified as a preventive measure to be adopted indiscriminately in dairy herds. Studies involving larger number of animals may clarify whether the selective treatment of cows with a higher risk of hypocalcemia is advantageous.

Diphtheric aspergillosis tracheitis with gastrointestinal dissemination secondary to viral infections in a dairy calf.

Diphtheric aspergillosis tracheitis is an uncommon syndrome described in human pathology, usually associated with immunosuppression in the affected individuals. Interestingly, no comparative/equivalent cases were found in domestic animals. This report describes the pathological and mycological findings associated with diphtheric aspergillosis tracheitis in an immunocompromised calf. The main pathological findings were diphtheric tracheitis and rhinitis, and necrotizing ruminitis associated with intralesional septate, acute branching fungal hyphae consistent with Aspergillus spp. Mycological culture and isolation confirmed the fungal hyphae as A. fumigatus due to characteristic features. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays identified intralesional antigens of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) at the trachea and small intestine; IHC detected intralesional antigens of bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) only at the trachea. These findings confirmed the simultaneous occurrence of A. fumigatus with concomitant infections due to BVDV, MCFV, and BoHV-1 in this calf. Since ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) is the cause of MCF in Brail, it is likely that the intralesional MCFV antigens identified were those of OvHV-2. In this case, disseminated aspergillosis was probably associated with the undeveloped immunological status of the calf that was further impaired due to the combined immunodepressive effects of BVDV and BoHV-1 infections. Although BVDV and BoHV-1 are infectious disease pathogens frequently associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in feedlot and dairy cattle, the identification of intralesional OvHV-2-like antigens in several parts of the lungs suggest that this MCFV also played a role in the BRD-associated lesions identified in this calf.

Doenças do sistema digestório de pequenos ruminantes no norte do Paraná / Digestive disorders of small ruminants in northern Paraná

As doenças do sistema digestório de ovinos e caprinos no norte do Paraná foram avaliadas por meio de um estudo retrospectivo de 427 pequenos ruminantes atendidos no Ambulatório de Grandes Animais, do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, no período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2015. Para isso, foi realizada revisão das fichas clínicas dos pequenos ruminantes com afecções do sistema digestório, determinando a ocorrência, principais características clínicas, tratamentos instituídos e evolução dos casos. Os dados foram tabulados e submetidos a um estudo descritivo das variáveis, observando a distribuição das frequências (%) das condições analisadas. As afecções do sistema digestório foram diagnosticadas em 38,64% (165/427) dos atendimentos realizados. Vinte e seis animais apresentaram duas afecções no momento do atendimento, totalizando 191 enfermidades diagnosticadas. Dentre essas enfermidades, as mais comumente diagnosticadas foram: hemoncose (27,7%; 53/191), acidose láctica ruminal aguda (18,8%; 36/191), eimeriose (13,6%; 26/191) e indigestão simples (6,8%; 13/191). O aumento da criação de ovinos e caprinos no estado do Paraná reitera a importância do desenvolvimento de estudos como o presente trabalho, a fim de identificar as enfermidades mais frequentes e preparar o médico veterinário para o diagnóstico e tratamento correto.

Sheep and Goat’s digestive disorders in northern Paraná were evaluated by a retrospective study of 427 small ruminants treated at the State University of Londrina’s Veterinary Hospital (HV-UEL), from January 2006 to December 2015. Analysis of medical records of small ruminants with digestive disorder were performed, determining the occurrence, main clinical signs, established treatments and outcome of cases. Data were tabulated and submitted to a descriptive study of variables, observing frequency distribution (%) of analyzed conditions. Digestive disorders occurs in 38,6% (165/427) of cases in small ruminants at the studied period. Among these diseases, the most common were: hemoncose (27.7%; 53/191), acute rumen lactic acidosis (18.8%; 36/191), eimeriosis (13.6%; 26/191) and simple indigestion (6.8%; 13/191). The increase in sheep and goats’ flock in the state of Paraná reiterates the importance of developing studies such as the present study, in order to identify the most frequent diseases and prepare the veterinarian for the correct diagnosis and treatment.

Doenças do sistema digestório de pequenos ruminantes no norte do Paraná / Digestive disorders of small ruminants in northern Paraná

As doenças do sistema digestório de ovinos e caprinos no norte do Paraná foram avaliadas por meio de um estudo retrospectivo de 427 pequenos ruminantes atendidos no Ambulatório de Grandes Animais, do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, no período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2015. Para isso, foi realizada revisão das fichas clínicas dos pequenos ruminantes com afecções do sistema digestório, determinando a ocorrência, principais características clínicas, tratamentos instituídos e evolução dos casos. Os dados foram tabulados e submetidos a um estudo descritivo das variáveis, observando a distribuição das frequências (%) das condições analisadas. As afecções do sistema digestório foram diagnosticadas em 38,64% (165/427) dos atendimentos realizados. Vinte e seis animais apresentaram duas afecções no momento do atendimento, totalizando 191 enfermidades diagnosticadas. Dentre essas enfermidades, as mais comumente diagnosticadas foram: hemoncose (27,7%; 53/191), acidose láctica ruminal aguda (18,8%; 36/191), eimeriose (13,6%; 26/191) e indigestão simples (6,8%; 13/191). O aumento da criação de ovinos e caprinos no estado do Paraná reitera a importância do desenvolvimento de estudos como o presente trabalho, a fim de identificar as enfermidades mais frequentes e preparar o médico veterinário para o diagnóstico e tratamento correto.

Sheep and Goat's digestive disorders in northern Paraná were evaluated by a retrospective study of 427 small ruminants treated at the State University of Londrina's Veterinary Hospital (HV-UEL), from January 2006 to December 2015. Analysis of medical records of small ruminants with digestive disorder were performed, determining the occurrence, main clinical signs, established treatments and outcome of cases. Data were tabulated and submitted to a descriptive study of variables, observing frequency distribution (%) of analyzed conditions. Digestive disorders occurs in 38,6% (165/427) of cases in small ruminants at the studied period. Among these diseases, the most common were: hemoncose (27.7%; 53/191), acute rumen lactic acidosis (18.8%; 36/191), eimeriosis (13.6%; 26/191) and simple indigestion (6.8%; 13/191). The increase in sheep and goats' flock in the state of Paraná reiterates the importance of developing studies such as the present study, in order to identify the most frequent diseases and prepare the veterinarian for the correct diagnosis and treatment.

Changes in the fecal microbiota of beef cattle caused by change in management and the use of virginiamycin as a growth promoter.

Several factors are known to affect the intestinal microbiota of cattle. However, how these changes occur over time is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of entrance into a feedlot and the effects of virginiamycin used as a growth promoter on the bovine fecal microbiota. Two batches of beef cattle (B1, n=50 and B2, n=36) entering a feedlot operation were randomly divided into two pens: one receiving virginiamycin and one group not receiving antibiotic (control group). Fecal samples were collected at arrival, mid feedlot and at exit to slaughter. The V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Escherichia coli strains isolated in samples from arrival and exit of B2 were also isolated and used as indicators of antimicrobial susceptibility. Marked changes in membership and structure of fecal microbiota occurred following entrance into the feedlot. At mid feedlot, virginiamycin affected bacterial community membership, but not structure, suggesting that the antibiotic had a stronger effect on the rare, but not on the most abundant species. The use of virginiamycin had no demonstrable effect on antibiotic resistance in E. coli. The differences found between batches are suggestive that variations in study conditions are important and can strongly affect the intestinal microbiota.

Enteral fluid therapy in neonatal calves and features of commercially available electrolyte solutions in Brazil / Hidratação enteral em bezerros neonatos e características das soluções eletrolíticas disponíveis comercialmente no Brasil

ABSTRACT: According to the World Health Organization, the development of orally replacement fluids and electrolytes was one of the most significant advances of the twentieth century, markedly reducing mortality from diarrheal children. In veterinary medicine, oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are routinely used to treat diarrheic neonatal calves in order to correct water, electrolyte and acid base imbalances. In North America, the use of OES is routine and there are at least 20 commercial alternatives. Use of OES has increased in recent years in Brazil, but just five commercial products are currently available. The OES should contain, in suitable concentrations, electrolytes, glucose and an alkalizing agent to ensure its therapeutic efficacy. This review aimed to address the therapeutic importance of OES for neonatal calves and to evaluate the compositions and characteristics of those commercially available in Brazil.

RESUMO: De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, o desenvolvimento da reposição de fluidos e eletrólitos por via oral foi um dos avanços mais significativos da medicina no século XX, reduzindo marcadamente a mortalidade de crianças diarreicas. Na medicina veterinária, as soluções eletrolíticas orais (SEO) são rotineiramente utilizadas no tratamento de bezerros neonatos diarreicos com o intuito de corrigir os desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos e ácido base. Na América do Norte, o emprego de SEO é habitual e existem, pelo menos, 20 alternativas comerciais. O uso das SEO se expandiu nos últimos anos, no Brasil, havendo, atualmente, cinco produtos disponíveis no comércio. As SEO devem veicular eletrólitos, glicose e um agente alcalinizante em concentrações apropriadas para garantir a sua eficácia terapêutica. Essa revisão tem o objetivo de abordar a importância e uso terapêutico das SEO para bezerros neonatos, além de avaliar as composições e características das disponíveis comercialmente no mercado brasileiro.

Effects of a new intravenous electrolyte solution for veterinary therapy on the electrolyte and acid-base balances of healthy horses / Efeito de uma nova solução eletrolítica intravenosa para uso veterinário sobre os equilíbrios eletrolítico e ácido base de equinos sadios

ABSTRACT: The effects of a new intravenous electrolyte solution for veterinary therapy on electrolyte and acid-base balances of horses were evaluated, assessing the potential of the use of this solution as a rational alternative in fluid therapy. Eight healthy adult horses, including 4 males and 4 females, received two treatments in a cross-over design: isotonic saline solution (IS) and a test solution (TS) containing 145mEq of Na+, 5mEq of K+, 4mEq of Ca++, 2mEq of Mg++, 96mEq of Cl-, 60mEq of lactate, 50g of dextrose, and 4mg of cyanocobalamin per liter. Solutions were IV infused in a volume corresponding to 5% of BW, over 3 hours. Venous blood samples were taken 5 times before and after the infusion (at 0, 3, 6, 9 e 24h), for pHv, pCO2v, HCO3 -v, BEv, Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, Ca, P, Mg, glucose and L-lactate measurements, and AG and SID calculations. The data were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA. The IS caused mild acidifying effect by increasing Cl- and decreasing plasma SID. In contrast, the TS induced mild and transient hypochloremia without changes in acid-base balance. Hyperglycemia was present at the end of the TS infusion and reversed 6 hours later. The horses did not exhibit any clinical changes. We concluded that TS is an option for fluid therapy in horses.

RESUMO: Considerando a possibilidade de ser empregada como alternativa racional na terapia com fluidos, avaliaram-se os efeitos de uma nova solução eletrolítica intravenosa, desenvolvida para uso veterinário, sobre os equilíbrios eletrolítico e ácido base de equinos. Oito equinos adultos sadios, quatro machos e quatro fêmeas, foram submetidos a dois tratamentos em delineamento cross-over: solução salina isotônica (SI) e solução teste (ST), composta por 145mEq de Na+, 5mEq de K+, 4mEq de Ca++, 2mEq de Mg++, 96mEq de Cl-, 60mEq de lactato, 50g de dextrose e 4mg de cianocobalamina por litro. As soluções foram administradas por via intravenosa, em volume correspondente a 5% do peso corporal, durante três horas de infusão contínua. Amostras de sangue venoso foram colhidas em cinco momentos, antes e após a infusão (0, 3, 6, 9 e 24h), para determinações de pHv, pCO2v, HCO3 -v, BEv, Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, Ca, P, Mg, glicose e lactato L, e para cálculo de AG e SID. Os resultados foram analisados por análise de variância de medidas repetidas. Enquanto a SI gerou efeito acidificante discreto, com elevação da cloremia e redução da SID plasmática, a ST causou hipocloremia discreta e transitória e não interferiu com o equilíbrio ácido base. A hiperglicemia, presente ao final da infusão da ST, reverteu-se seis horas após. Os equinos não manifestaram alterações clínicas. Conclui-se que a ST é uma alternativa para a terapia com fluidos em equinos.

Prevalência de anticorpos contra o vírus da arterite equina nas mesorregiões Noroeste, Centro Ocidental e Norte Central do Paraná / Prevalence of antibodies against equine viral arteritis virus in Northwest, Western Central and North Central Regions of the State of Paraná, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência de anticorpos contra o vírus da arterite viral equina (EVAV) em equinos sadios criados nas mesorregiões Noroeste, Centro Ocidental e Norte Central do estado do Paraná. Após o cálculo do tamanho amostral, foram analisadas, utilizando a técnica de soroneutralização, amostras de soro sanguíneo de 653 equinos. Nenhum animal sororreagente foi encontrado nas mesorregiões Noroeste (0/236) e Centro Ocidental (0/99). Na mesorregião Norte Central a prevalência foi de 0,62% (2/318), totalizando 0,30%. Pode-se concluir que a arterite viral equina (AVE) ainda não representa um problema de importância epidemiológica nos equinos criados nas mesorregiões paranaenses estudadas.(AU)

The prevalence of antibodies against equine viral arteritis virus (EVAV) in healthy horses raised in Northwest, Western Central and North Central regions of the State of Paraná, Brazil was investigated. According to calculated sample size, serum samples of 653 horses were analyzed through standard virus neutralization test. No horse had antibodies to EVAV in Northwest (0/236) and in Western Central (0/99) regions. In North Central region frequency was 0.62% (2/318), with an overall prevalence of 0.30%. It can be concluded that EVA does not represent a problem of epidemiological importance in the studied regions of Paraná.(AU)